Rocytic and erythrocytic stages malaria infection. This approach may offer a > 자유게시판

Rocytic and erythrocytic stages malaria infection. This approach may offer a new vaccination strategy against 2-(2,4-Dichloro-5-fluorophenyl)oxirane malaria infection. 2-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-7H-cyclopenta[b]pyridin-7-one Keywords: Vaccine, Plasmodium berghei, Oligomannose-coated liposomeBackground Malaria remains the most important parasitic disease of humans, affecting 40 of the world's population and causing over 600,000 deaths annually [1]. Vaccination to prevent the infection is believed to be the most realistic approach for s40337-016-0117-z reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. Over the last decades, the gold standard for malaria vaccine development has been immunization with radiationattenuated sporozoites [1]. Recent study has shown that genetic attenuated sporozoites by gene deletion may offer better strategy for development of malaria vaccine [2]. Although this vaccine strategy offers sterile protection* Correspondence: nisikawa@obihiro.ac.jp 1 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the articleagainst infection, several problems exist that have hampered its use including the cost, dose standardization, production, sporozoite irradiation, and immunization-related issues [3,4]. The most advanced malaria vaccine to date, RTS,S, comprises a portion of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) central repeat (NANP) and C-terminal region, which contains T cell epitopes fused to the hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Since early 1996, several adjuvant formulations of this vaccine have been tested against live sporozoite challenge in volunteers, with the highest protective efficacies (30?0 ) observed with an adjuvant containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 (a derivative of Quill A) [5,6]. In addition, the prime-boost regimen for the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and the new fowlpox FP9 strain, both of which encode the Plasmodium falciparum thrombospondin-related adhesion?2014 Terkawi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Terkawi et al. Malaria Journal 2014, 13:426 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13485127 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/13/1/Page 2 ofprotein (TRAP), offered some degree of protection in African volunteers [7]. Asexual erythrocytic-stage vaccines, tested in clinical trials, also afford some degree of protection [8]. Two asexual-stage proteins, merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1) and apical membrane antigen 1, are the most extensively studied candidates for the development of erythrocytic-stage vaccines [8,9]. Remarkably, all candidates for subunit vaccines against malaria target the parasite invasion process into the host cells. Despite the promising levels of protection induced by these vaccines, none appear PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763976 potent enough to completely prevent infection in the majority of recipients. Therefore, further vaccine development research is required to obtain the ultimate goal of complete prevention of malarial infection. Accumulating evidence shows that protective immunity against liver-stage malaria parasites requires T.